Codd’s criteria

E.F. Codd, known for his groundbreaking work on relational databases, proposed two sets of twelve criteria or rules to define Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) and Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) databases. Here are the criteria:

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) Criteria:

1. The system must provide fast response times.
2. The system must support a large number of concurrent users.
3. The system must ensure data integrity and consistency.
4. The system must provide recovery mechanisms for transactions.
5. The system must support high availability.
6. The system must handle a high volume of simple transactions.
7. The system must provide secure access to data.
8. The system must support ad-hoc queries.
9. The system must provide a way to manage and monitor transactions.
10. The system must support real-time processing.
11. The system must be scalable to handle increasing volumes of transactions.
12. The system must provide a way to integrate with other systems.

OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) Criteria:

1. The system must support multidimensional conceptual views of data.
2. The system must provide transparency to the user regarding the underlying data sources.
3. The system must be accessible from a variety of client tools.
4. The system must provide consistent reporting performance, regardless of the number of dimensions.
5. The system must handle dynamic sparse matrix handling and efficient storage of sparse matrices.
6. The system must support multi-user support for sharing and securing objects.
7. The system must support cross-dimensional operations, such as drilling down and rolling up.
8. The system must provide the ability to model and analyze data across multiple dimensions.
9. The system must provide the ability to analyze data at various levels of aggregation.
10. The system must provide unlimited dimensions and aggregation levels.
11. The system must provide a client/server architecture to support large-scale data warehouses.
12. The system must provide the ability to interface with a variety of data sources, including relational databases and flat files.

These criteria provide a framework for evaluating and designing OLTP and OLAP systems, ensuring they meet the specific requirements for their respective use cases. OLTP systems focus on handling high volumes of transactions in real-time, while OLAP systems prioritize complex queries and multidimensional analysis of data.